Popular Nationalism, Intergroup Attitudes and the Moderating Role of Ethnicity

.title[
# Popular Nationalism, Intergroup Attitudes and the Moderating Role of Ethnicity
]
.author[
### Sakeef M. Karim <br><span style="font-size: 50%;">McGill University<br>Centre for the Study of Democratic Citizenship</span>
]
.date[
### August 9, 2022<br><br><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg> <a href="https://twitter.com/sakeefkarim" style="color:#FFFFFF;">sakeefkarim</a> <br> <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:currentColor;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M336.5 160C322 70.7 287.8 8 248 8s-74 62.7-88.5 152h177zM152 256c0 22.2 1.2 43.5 3.3 64h185.3c2.1-20.5 3.3-41.8 3.3-64s-1.2-43.5-3.3-64H155.3c-2.1 20.5-3.3 41.8-3.3 64zm324.7-96c-28.6-67.9-86.5-120.4-158-141.6 24.4 33.8 41.2 84.7 50 141.6h108zM177.2 18.4C105.8 39.6 47.8 92.1 19.3 160h108c8.7-56.9 25.5-107.8 49.9-141.6zM487.4 192H372.7c2.1 21 3.3 42.5 3.3 64s-1.2 43-3.3 64h114.6c5.5-20.5 8.6-41.8 8.6-64s-3.1-43.5-8.5-64zM120 256c0-21.5 1.2-43 3.3-64H8.6C3.2 212.5 0 233.8 0 256s3.2 43.5 8.6 64h114.6c-2-21-3.2-42.5-3.2-64zm39.5 96c14.5 89.3 48.7 152 88.5 152s74-62.7 88.5-152h-177zm159.3 141.6c71.4-21.2 129.4-73.7 158-141.6h-108c-8.8 56.9-25.6 107.8-50 141.6zM19.3 352c28.6 67.9 86.5 120.4 158 141.6-24.4-33.8-41.2-84.7-50-141.6h-108z"/></svg> <a href="https://www.sakeefkarim.com" style="color:#FFFFFF;">sakeefkarim.com</a>
]

---

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# Roadmap

+ Nationalist Beliefs and Intergroup Attitudes

+ Moderating Role of **Ethnicity** or **Social Position**

+ Key Variables

--
  + Nationalist Beliefs
  + Ethnic Origin
  
--
  + Outgroup Affect
  + Ingroup Affect
  + Ingroup Favouritism
  
--

+ **Results**: Moderation Analysis

+ Conclusions and Limitations

---

# Nationalist Beliefs & Intergroup Attitudes

---

## Nationalist Sentiments and Affect

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[National Identification and Social Solidarity]

> **Proposition**: Widespread attachments to the nation should breed unity

]

<center><img src="asa_images/solidaire.jpeg" height="250px" /></center>
 
 **Québec solidaire**

]

**La Meute**

]

> **Proposition**: Relationship between national identification and intergroup affect _depends_ on how individuals define the bounds of the nation

]

]

> **Soehl and Karim (2021)**

]

---

# Ethnicity and Social Position

---

## The Moderating Role of Ethnicity

]

.bg-near-white.b--light-red.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[
One young woman with Mexican-born parents described American as, ‘Well, being born – **I am US-born** … I was **born here**,  but I feel like … other people see me as Mexican. Like if a white girl sees me, she’ll say, “Oh yeah, she’s Mexican,” even though I was **born here**.’ A teen with Chinese-born parents said, ‘Although … I look Chinese, I still feel American because I was **born here**.
.tl[
**Warikoo and Bloemraad (2017:747)**
]]

<br>

> **Proposition**: An individual's location in social space will inform the kinds of attitudes they use to signal _claims_ about national membership

]

]

<br>

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]

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      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingroup Favouritism</th>
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<td class="gt_row gt_center" style="background-color: #D4EBF2; color: #000000;">Lower</td></tr>
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</table>
</div>

]

---

# Data and Key Variables

---

## Data and Variables of Interest

.panelset.sideways[
.panel[.panel-name[Data]

**Friendship and Identity in School**

+ Panel study of German adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany.

+ Overall **N**: 2,701 students.

+ Survey waves were administered in nine-month intervals and ran from 2013 to 2017.

+ The first wave of the study featured students in grades five to seven who were then followed for up to five additional waves.

]

> **(Mixture) Hidden Markov Model**

]

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      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
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<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Average score on items measuring attitudes towards social groups that respondents do not belong to</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Ingroup Affect</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Average score on items measuring attitudes towards social groups that respondents nominally belong to</td></tr>
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<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Extent to which respondents favour ingroups over outgroups (ratio of ingroup affect/outgroup affect)</td></tr>
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<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Discrete variable with three levels: <i>Native</i>, <i>Turkish</i> and <i>Other</i></td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Nationalist Beliefs</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_left" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;">Discrete variable with four levels: <i>Ardent</i>, <i>Thick</i>, <i>Thin</i> and <i>Disengaged</i></td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
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</div>

> **Note**: Feeling thermometer items tap affect towards Germans, Turkish people, Muslims, Christians, Jewish people, Polish people and Italians

]

---

# Regression Analysis

---

## Regression Specifications and Results

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> **Note**: Across all models, measurement occasions are nested within individuals (the Level 2 unit), yielding a separate random intercept for each respondent

]

<img src="asa_images/outgroup_affect.png" width="52%" height="52%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.small-font[
.footnote[[What About Disaggregation?](#disaggregation)]
]

]

]

---

# Conclusions

---

## Implications and Limitations

> **Black Lives Matter Protests**

]

> **January 6th Insurrection**

]

> **Interminority Variation**

]

> **Other National Contexts?**

]

---

# The End

---

# Thank you!

---

## Disaggregation

---

## Additional Robustness Checks